Comments

Hi Peter,

Very interesting article... it is with pleasure that i share with you - and a lot of other people in TIA initiative and beyond - an optimism regarding a wider path for IA development. Althought, in this days is difficult to see IA job demands in certain european countries, special - as you may guess - the less developed. As other professions related with economic growth and technical development (as well education, information technologies and other kind of knowledge work) there is no secret for this US centrism. Do any of us see another Amazon in the global village? I could mention a hand full of examples. Take the globalization movement without it´s cultural implications and controversy and look to african countries... but we can even speak about new alternative methods of work, like telework. Telework increased in europe, slowly... even today the numbers aren´t in the same level with US.
Internationalization is always a hot topic, because is made of several dimensions wich have complex relations.
I live in Lisbon, Portugal. Haven´t saw once a job announcement for an specific IA position. It´s not even difficult to understand why - since my studies were in the sociology field - it´s enough to know that our economy is sustained by a non-specialized cheap labor workforce and have one of the lowest rates of PC per capita...
Yes, we have serious problems. That was the reason for joining TIA iniative as a volunteer: action, community, spreading the knowledge, etc...

Sorry for my bad english, Peter!

Best regards,
Bruno

Dear Peter,
It's good to see that the issue of internationalization is increasingly popping up in the IA discussions.
However, I have some comments about the way it is percieved.

Language

Your article touches on the cultural AND the language issue. You quote a dane and a dutchman - both countries where you'll not expect the english language to be a barrier for an information architect. The issue of internationalization of Information Architecture as a discipline and a profession is not the same in all parts of the world. In some countries they need a translation of articles and websites - in other countries they don't.

Culture

What is really interesting in my opinion is the other aspect - that of culture. I don't see any reason to "fear" the americanization of the web. First of all the web is already americanized, and we all understand this - and act accordingly (well most of us). It is not a fundamental flaw of a system to have users adapt - even though some usability proponents seem to think so.

It is not always - in my opinion - a good idea to develop, launch and maintain - more than one website - just to cover your a.. and not attract critizism from people who have strong feelings against "US cultural imperialism". As long as your organization is sure that it can maintain more than one site, and that it will pay off - it is a good idea. But I strongly suggest that the organization do the homework and research the matter thoroughly before embarking on such an adventure. You cannot just take down a localized site, when it is up and running.

Global media

I believe that the web is - and should be - a global web. That does not mean that all should be in the same language. But it does mean that ultimately standardized shopping cart interaction design, standardized navigational design, standardized search engine design and other standards of search, find, and interact - should and will develop and spread throughout the web. Naturally there will be local habits here and there, and also there will be differences that not all of us will understand.

If you look at books - most western books are structured the same way, pagination, headlines, chapters, parts, index etc.. If you look at the cinema it is the same - mostly the same structure, the same angles of shots, the same meaning of close ups, of cutting, of sounds, music etc. Also in movies there are the rolling texts in the beginning and at the end - and the way producers, stars etc are presented is generally the same.
Conventions do develop - evolve - and spread.
But most of us in the western hemisphere do not understand the finer points of a Bollywood sing and dance movie. It is here that we find the cultural differences.
The differences you see between danish, french and english movies are small in comparison. The differences between European and US movies are small. What some people tend to confuse it with, is the difference between "cinema" and "movies" - between the artsy and the commercial. The commercial European movies use all the same effects and the same dramaturgical structure as the Hollywood movies - even if the language is different.
You could say the same of both tv and computer games. They are international media in that way, and they should be so. No need to invent differences which are not significant.


The business issue

My point is that the differences between European web development and US web development may well be a matter of the business and not so much a matter of cultural differences. And so it should be.
When US Information Architects discuss IA they almost invariably refer to projects with accounts so large that most European IAs have little or no experience at all with that kind of business. In a small country budgets seem to be many times smaller than in the US - because the user base is so much smaller. This is a real difference with real impact on the projects. But this kind of difference is not directly a matter of country, language or culture. It is a matter of business. There are small projects in the US too and these projects with small budgets suffer the samme difficulties - and have the same shortcomings when it comes to IA - as do the European projects.


So all in all, I think that it could prove interesting to learn about the web projects of other cultures - like the Japanese, Peruvian or Iranian.

I don't see any real value however, in trying to differentiate between different nationalities like danish, dutch, norwegian, polish, german, french, italian etc - as the users are all perfectly capable of overcoming the small difficulties which come from cultural differences.

What I do see however, is an almost allergic overreaction on the part of the US IAs - in their effort to not step on any "NON-US toes", and not come forward as the always inconsiderate, badly mannered US bully.
And I also see too much over-sensitivity on the part of some European IAs - who would use any excuse to lash out at the US, and insist that there are so many differences and that the US IAs should not dominate.
Well - last time I counted there were far more US Information Architects, and far more US books on IA, and I still believe this to be the case.

Even if European internet business is catching up, it is still European. It means that we could say that if there are any European ways of doing things, that are different from the way the US does things - it could be interesting. But that is not what is being discussed. What is being discussed is language, and the silent asumption that language also means culture and perhaps country.

My comment is running way too long. So I'll stop here. I may write on this on my website.

All very interesting, Peter. I'm contemplating whether the opening up of IA beyond the current US practitioner base might lead to some interesting methodological developments. As the French say "different pays, different moeurs" (different country, different manners) - perhaps IA practice might develop in some alternative directions as it broadens to a greater number of countries.

Good point Mark. I for one would be very surprised if the popularization of IA in various parts of the world would *not* lead to new insights.

Hi Peter:

Very enjoyable read. We are offering IA as part of our services and just this week completed a Card Sort exercise for a Customer Service section in Chinese. Understandably, there are subtle differences in meaning between a term presented in Chinese v English.

rgds, Daniel Szuc

I'm a Polish researcher interested in IA and its connection to Library & Information Science. I have to say : "there is no scientific approach to IA in Poland". The lack of methodology and fundamental definitions prevents develeopment of this, still new in Poland issue.

I understand fear of criticism when you give your own definitions, but what about progress in science?

The phrase "Information Architecture" appears on 65 polish web sites [see google for : "Architektura Informacji"]. This is tragedy. The tragedy is also that polish Library & Information Science schools do not mention about it in their courses, there is usability, web design (?), information needs, information retrieval but any word about IA and those problems are discussed only in few L&IS
schools.

As I said : Polish scientific approach to IA doesn't exist. I hope that US experience in training IA will help us to construct a plan for giving life IA in polish L&IS schools.

Marcin Roszkowski

Thanks for the article -- always good to read more about people trying to wrap their heads around trying to create information structures and functionality to work for multiple brains.

Your mention of low hanging fruit brought a resource to mind -- A whitepaper published a couple of years ago by some former colleages at Sapient. It's called "Translation is Not Enough" and is available at: http://www.sapient.com/pdfs/strategic_viewpoints/globalization_a4.pdf

If you're gonna spend an hour, I highly encourage you to read this for the first 30 minutes.

This is not really a funny story, but....I suppose it depends on your perspective. PricewaterhouseCoopers' Contact Us form has a field for "Country of Origin." Back when I was managing the page, at least once a month, we would get an inquiry from a student in the UK or US noting "India" or some other country as "country of origin". These people were indicating their nation of birth, regardless of actual residence, and some complained that their country of origin was not included on the dropdown and accused the company of discrimination. (An "Osama" wanted to know why certain Middle Eastern countries were not included. I think we didn't have offices in those areas at the time).

It appears that they finally changed it, but I remember months passing after I first pointed it out and nothing happening....

Noreen

There are, of course, examples of cultural insensitivity and gaffs that are not perpetrated soley by Americans. Cases in point:
* In the Moto Guzzi Jackal handbook, the text is attempting to caution people to make sure the oil dipstick is firmly seated. The text warns readers to "make sure the dipstick is fully screwed up" ... instead of the correct "screwed in." Prepositions can be a bane to any non-native speaker. (fully disclosure--I own and love my Jackal. Great bike)
* Often in Germany I would hear people use the term "thanks God" instead of "thank God." Perhaps they mismapped "thanks be to God" for the imperative "thank God."
* The French boyfriend who wanted to compliment his English girlfriend tried to say, "Your beauty would make time stand still." Instead, he said, "Your face could stop a clock"--an English expression meaning you're hideously ugly.

Another culturally insensitive thing: Lufthansa now avails business class & 1st class passengers the use of garments that cover passengers almost fully. Passengers uses these overgarment, blanket-like things for personal comfort. Lufthansa calls the garments...body bags. See http://www.hebig.com/archives/001320.html for a user's perception and some commentary.

Yeesh!

Why the AIfIA translating efforts are not on both ways? I mean, I only see efforts in bringing US texts to the world, but what about non-english literature? Will you translate it to english in order to increase the cultural exchange?

If you only bring the US holly word to the rest of the world, you are exercising imperialism.

AIfIA will be US centric until you start translating from other languages to english.

Yes, the AIfIA Translation team has planned from the beginning to translate articles into English as well to facilitate cultural exchange. Efforts are underway to select the first candidate articles.

Hi Juan de Novoa,

You are of cause right in your observation! The AIfIA traslation project has just entered phase two. We will focus on translating the many excelent articles avalible in Dutch, Italian, Danish etc. into English. The reason we haven't addressed this eariler is due to resources; the team (http://aifia.org/translations/team.html) work in their spare time. However - already now we are working on translating articles into English. E.g. these from Danish: http://aifia.org/da/hyperlinks.html

BTW: As part of phase two several more languages will be added.

Why the word architecture ? The result of architecture is something you can walk around. That's not the case for information. Architecture is 3D only while information might be better served with n or 2 dimensional models.
Architecture is closer to scultpure than to structur (Michelangelo's definition: painting is the art thats adds, sculpture takes off (toglie)comes to mind.